Bose Condensate Nanoclusters Harness Zero Point Energy

Based on Biophysica’s long experience with colloidal manufacturing technologies, and utilizing the unique quantum mechanical properties of atomic Silver and Gold and using Glutathione as a buffer/carrier, we have fabricated 5 nm precious metal (gold and silver) nanoclusters forming strong stable electron and proton coupling with clathrate cage-like Silica structures such as Sodium Silicide (NaSi).  We are able to form well ordered hexagonal close packed arrays on the surface of the Silicon with surface nodes attached to Protons and Hydroxyl groups. Stability and information storage are achieved likely because of the already established fact that lightweight atoms like Hydrogen, Protons and Helium, have very large "zero-point energy"  defying the laws of Thermodynamics.  A proton is the nucleus of the Hydrogen atom.

In the biological arena, nanoparticles are known to be much more effective as catalysts per gram than their macrosopic crystals and are completely safe to ingest. Silicon is already recognized as an essential element in human nutrition and present in many nutritional colloidal supplements.  Utilising the Fractal Principle, where order is retained at higher and higher levels of complexity, we are able to fabricate visible micron sized particles capable of being manipulated, examined and packaged, while retaining all the quantum-mechanical properties.  In effect, macrosopic quantum solid entities develop at the micron level and can be stored in the form of a fine crystalline powder.  This is accomplished through techniques such as Magnetization and Photon Activation Transfers with blue light at a wavelength of 515 nanometers.  In the semiconductor arena which is the  most active for scientists currently, they are observing self-assembly, based on hidden order, in the fabrication of semiconductor devices at the nanometer and atomic level (see references below).

Conduction electrons in nanoclusters circulate in a unique way to create a spiral or helical structure and circular optical polarisation which assists in its identification from UV to IR.  DNA pictured above is a helical quantum condensate and demonstrates many of the effects of Quantum mechanics such as:

• Tunneling
• Entanglement
• Amplification of Morphic Field Information
• Regenerative function
• Directionality
• Hidden order (quasi-intentionality)
• Behaviour suggesting predictive intelligent patterning
• Superconductivity

The rapid flow of spirally moving electrons and Protons on each cluster (and on DNA) gives rise to a solenoid magnetic effect with the development of magnetic-like teraHertz fields which can interact at a distance sufficient to penetrate biological cells and mitochondria.  Dr. Robert L. Whetten, a professor in Georgia Tech's School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry commented  "The effect was enormous, which was unexpected.  These effects occur only in a a narrow range of between 20 and 40 metal atoms (28 atoms was the commonest size corresponding to 1 nanometre)."  Atoms can couple together to form Nanoclusters and demonstrate nanoscale ordering not found at dimension above 20 nanometres.

Nanoscale elements Impose larger scale patterns through multiple level fractal phenomena which can originate only at nanoscale dimensions. This is typical of Fractals and Chaotic processes where short term micro-states and initial conditions have far reaching macroscale influence (Butterfly Effect).

Bose Einstein Condensates

Each nanocluster interacts differently and uniquely with its surroundings and with other clusters in diverse population of information flow and quantum resonance forming an entity similar to a Bose_Einstein Condensate. This is a collection of molecules behaving in perfect unison acting like one giant, super molecule. A magnetic trap and electrostatic field are  used to influence the coalescing of multiple atoms  into a single macroscopic quantum state. 

Professor Eric A. Cornell , University of Colorado,  said  "We can rarely observe the effects of quantum mechanics in the behaviour of a macroscopic amount of material. In ordinary, so-called bulk matter, the incoherent contributions of the uncountably large number of constituent particles obscure the wave nature of quantum mechanics, and we can only infer its effects. But in Bose condensation, the wave nature of each atom is precisely in phase with that of every other. Quantum-mechanical waves extend across the sample of condensate and can be observed with the naked eye. The sub- microscopic thus becomes macroscopic.  The creation of Bose-Einstein condensates has cast new light on long-standing paradoxes of quantum mechanics. For example, if two or more atoms are in a single quantum-mechanical state, as they are in a condensate, it is fundamentally impossible to distinguish them by any measurement. The two atoms occupy the same volume of space, move at the identical speed, scatter light of the same colour and so on (even when separated). The matter waves of a Bose condensate can be reflected, focused, diffracted and modulated in frequency and amplitude."

Two separate condensates, if allowed to expand into each other, exhibit very clear interference effects, indicating the coherence of matter waves and long-range correlation.   It has also been shown how single parts of the condensate could be switched out in “BEC drops” that obey the field of gravity. This phenomenon has been described as an atom laser of coherent matter.

AN ULTRA LOW-DENSITY LIQUID, some 10^13 times thinner than water, can form inside Bose-Einstein condensates under the action of the "Efimov effect," a quantum phenomenon in which the atoms in the cloud attract each other when considered two at a time but repel each other when considered three at a time. In such an Efimov cloud the atoms would be some 20 times farther apart that in a BEC, which is itself pretty sparse a million times thinner than air. And yet this new type of condensate is not be gas but a liquid (and even a solid)! According to Aurel Bulgac of the University of Washington the exquisite coordination of atoms in an Efimov condensation would allow it to be stably self bound (the constraining magnetic fields used to keep a BEC from drifting apart would be unnecessary); moreover, it would be neither compressible nor dilutable. This extraordinary quantum liquid is the smallest density condensed matter system yet proposed.   Bulgac proposes that Efimov droplets made from boson atoms be called "boselets." The fermion version would be "fermilets." (Bulgac@phys.washington.edu, 206-685-2988, Physical Review Letters, 29 July 2002)

Glutathione is a non-protein combination of amino acids synthesized by cells to help maintain proper oxidation-reduction levels. i.e. to prevent ordinary oxygen and free radicals from 'burning up' the fragile biomolecules in the living cell. Glutathione forms a uniquely stable structure with precious metal nanoclusters on a Silica surface and reveals amazing self-organised patterns according to Dr Robert Dickson, Associate Professor, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology.  Dr  Dickson continues to say that Silver and Gold nanoclusters have been observed to spontaneously assemble themselves into small groups on a Silicon surface (as do bacteria as Biofilms in bladder infections) and they also demonstrate very efficient fluorescence by virtue of being able to absorb light at one wavelength and re-emit it at a lower frequency. Further experiments conducted by Biophysica such as magnetising the clusters show promise for ultradense information storage, new quantum memory devices and applications in reprogramming biological cells and Mitochondria directly affecting the availability of Oxygen and free electrons inside Mitochondria to facilitate production of ATP, the body’s energy currency.  Multiple nanoclusters possess different energy levels, they can be addressed individually by varying the electro-magnetic signals injected into the array of clusters which then stores the information which can be later transferred to other structures such as Mitochondria especially inside cells of the Pineal gland, long thought to be involved in higher states of consciousness.

Morphic Fields, Long Range Correlation, Interconnectedness, Entanglement, Condensates, Zero Point Energy, Scalar Waves and other obscurational terms

Since the prevailing doctrine of conventional science dictates that "thou shalt not deviate too heretically from the accepted path of truth", many great discoveries (such as Quantum Physics, Zero Point Energy) are at first hidden and obscured in the jargon of scientific religiosity in order to protect the discoverers from ridicule, ostracisation and attack. Even the discoverers are often not aware of the profound metaphysical significance of their own work. Even Einstein at first ridiculed and refused to believe in "spooky action at a distance".

The fields of Radionics, Metaphysics, Consciousness (like Quantum physics) are becoming more recognised as incontrovertable evidence accumulates to convince us that there are forms of order, influence, energy,  intelligence and life not explained by classical scientific teachings. The volume and nquality of evidence would be more than sufficient to convince a civil court of the high preponderance of probability of the accuracy of such hypotheses.

References:

1.  Google search for “Nanoclusters”
2.  “Electronic properties of metallic nanoclusters on semiconductor surfaces.....the study of the electrical properties..of nanoclusters/semiconductor systems”, Lee at al., J of Nanoparticle Research, 2: 345-362, 2000
3.  “The synthesis of silicon nanoclusters and their characterization” Chem. Mater. 2001, 13: 765-770
4.  “Core/shell-structured bimetallic nanocluster catalysts for visible-light-induced electron transfer in precious metals” by Naoki Toshima, Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 72, Nos. 1-2, pp. 317-325, 
5. "The Magic of Nanoclusters: Phys. Rev. Lett.88, 066101 Feb 2002
6. http://www.chemistry.gatech.edu/faculty/dickson/   Fluorescent nanoclusters of Silver and Gold
7. Conformational Changes In Human DNA Characterize The Radiated Energy From The Aulterra Formulation by Glen Rein, Ph.D. Quantum Biology Research Lab, Northport, NY  at   http://www.harmonicinnerprizes.com/studies/aulterra_dnastudy.html
8. Bose Einstein Condensate  at  http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/gallery/bose_einstein.htm
9. Bose Einstein condensate at  http://www.roggeweck.net/uploads/media/Bose_Einstein-Condensate.pdf
10. Bose Einstein condensate at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose-Einstein_condensate
11. http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/bose.html
12. Molecules (not just atoms) form new state of matter at http://www.nature.com/nsu/nsu_pf/031110/031110-16.html
13. "Supersolid, Quantum Crystal, A Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Solid" in Physics news Update, Number 669 #1, January 14, 2004 at  http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/669-1.html

"Georgia Tech researchers have demonstrated a new type of nanometer-scale optoelectronic quantum device that performs addition and other complex logic operations using electroluminescent silver nanoclusters."

"Simple Optoelectronic Devices Based on Electroluminescent Silver Nanoclusters Perform Logic Operations"
Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have demonstrated a new type of nanometer-scale optoelectronic device that performs addition and other complex logic operations, is simple to fabricate and produces optical output that can be read without electrical contacts. 
Based on arrays of individual electroluminescent silver nanoclusters, the quantum devices could provide a foundation for new forms of specialized molecular-scale computing. The research, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, is reported in the March 18 issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 
"In effect, we are demonstrating optoelectronic transistor behavior," said Robert Dickson, a professor in Georgia Tech's School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. "Instead of measuring current output as in standard electronic transistors, we measure electroluminescent output for a given voltage input. Our devices act in a way that is analogous to a transistor with light as the output instead of electrical current."
Because the nanoclusters possess different energy levels, they can be addressed individually by varying the voltage injected into the array of clusters with a simple two-terminal system. Avoiding the need for isolated electrical connections to each nanocluster makes the system far easier to fabricate at the nanometer scale than electronic devices of traditional design.
Key to the new devices developed by Dickson and collaborator Tae-Hee Lee is the specific voltages at which the clusters – which contain between two and eight silver atoms – emit light when electrically excited. 
To operate, the devices require at least two separate electrical pulses, which can be varied in amplitude. Electroluminescence occurs only after the second pulse, which activates nanoclusters within the array depending on the voltage level to which each one responds. Because each nanocluster only responds to very specific voltages, the combined current delivered by the pulses activates only specific clusters, which are observed optically.
"By reading the emission output of two correlated molecules, we can add pulses together and perform a very simple but very important basic addition operation," Dickson noted. "The response is relatively narrow. Only when you have exactly the right voltage do you get a response. We see really clean on-off behaviors with this system."
Applying different pulses can also cause individual clusters to operate as logic gates with AND, OR, NOT and XOR functions. "By using this complicated on-off behavior and the discrete energy levels of different molecules, we can get complicated behavior in a relatively simple device," he said.
Increasing the number of clusters operating together could permit formation of large optoelectronic arrays able to perform complex operations. As long as each cluster could be separated enough to be resolved by a camera, arrays could contain thousands of clusters.

Illustration of multicolored single molecule electroluminescence from individual silver nanoclusters. Nanoclusters are located in a nanoscale break junction formed on a thin silver film. This junction is the conceptual 3-D view of the data which appears in the paper published in PNAS. The darker areas surrounding the junction indicate silver oxide regions. Because the pulse height is dependent on/off behavior, different clusters can be utilized as different optoelectronic logic gates.
Illustration: Robert Dickson, Tae-Hee Lee 225 dpi JPG version 

"This suggests the potential for an exciting degree of complexity," Dickson said. "If you can put molecules that have well-defined electronic energy levels into an array addressable with just two terminals, then you can begin to perform very complicated calculations."
Dickson doesn't expect the new optoelectronic devices to replace traditional semiconductor-based computers for ordinary tasks. Instead, they might be used for complex and highly specialized computations that are difficult for traditional computing systems.
"Because of the inherent parallel nature of the system and the discrete energy levels of the clusters, there may be many applications here," he said. "There is inherent beauty in this device being so simple and yet able to perform these interesting calculations. There are a lot of opportunities and challenges."
Dickson hopes the new devices will also encourage a different way of thinking about computing on the nanometer scale.
"Many people are trying to shrink electronics down to the nanometer scale and take advantage of the interesting properties that arise when you make things very small, but often they are using standard architectures to create logic circuits," he said. "We are using a novel architecture to do the same thing, but with an individual molecules with on-off behavior instead of a three-terminal device made very small. I hope that this will encourage people to think about different ways to do these operations."
One advantage of the devices – their optical signal output – also poses a challenge. Because the output signal is in optical form, it cannot be easily passed along to another device for further computing steps. Dickson hopes that challenge can be overcome, but says that for some complex computations, an image of the result may be sufficient.
Dickson and Lee create the nanoclusters by applying current to a slightly oxidized thin film of silver. The current induces electromigration, which creates a nanoscale break junction in the most resistive part of the film. The arrays of nanoclusters form along the break. 
For the future, Dickson and Lee want to learn more about how the clusters form, characterize the break region -- and gain more control over the clusters' properties.
"The clusters can be different sizes, contain different numbers of atoms and form in different geometries, and those variations give the different excitation profiles and emission wavelengths," he said. "We can control where the junction forms and we are analyzing and characterizing what's there."
The devices, which operate at room temperature, perform consistently for several hours, but ultimately burn out because of heat. 
In August 2002, Dickson and Lee reported in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that they had created the world's smallest electroluminescent light source, using photon emissions from individual molecules of silver. The optoelectronic devices build on that earlier work.
In addition to the National Science Foundation, the research is supported by the Dreyfus and Sloan Foundations.

RESEARCH NEWS & PUBLICATIONS OFFICE 
Georgia Institute of Technology 
75 Fifth Street, N.W., Suite 100
Atlanta, Georgia 30308 USA 

Page last updated June 27, 2006